COPYRIGHT AND LICENSING POLICY

1. Purpose of the Policy

This policy governs copyright ownership in articles published by the Journal of Business Research–Turk, the publishing rights granted to the Journal, the rights retained by authors, and the conditions under which readers may use and reuse published content.

This policy is applied in conjunction with the Journal’s Open Access Policy, Ethical Principles and Publication Ethics Policy, Archiving and Digital Preservation Policy, and Non-Exclusive Publication and Open Access Licence Agreement.

1. Copyright Ownership

Copyright in articles published by the Journal of Business Research–Turk belongs to the authors. Authors do not transfer the copyright in their articles to the Journal or the publisher.

Unless otherwise stipulated in a valid written agreement, copyright in a multi-authored article belongs jointly to all authors of the article.

Authors retain their moral rights in the article, including the rights to:

• Be recognized as the creators of the work,
  • Have their names displayed accurately,
  • Preserve the integrity of the work, and
  • Object to unauthorized alterations that would change its scientific meaning.

Copyright in articles is separate from rights relating to the Journal’s website, logo, page design, and publishing infrastructure. Copyright in articles belongs to the authors, whereas rights relating to the Journal’s website, logo, and publishing infrastructure belong to their respective rights holders.

1. Non-Exclusive Publishing Licence Granted to the Journal

If an article is accepted for publication, the authors grant the Journal of Business Research–Turk a worldwide, royalty-free, and non-exclusive licence to:

• Publish the article for the first time,
  • Make the final published version of the article openly accessible,
  • Reproduce and distribute the article electronically,
  • Keep the article continuously accessible on the Journal’s website and in its electronic archive,
  • Assign a DOI and other persistent identifiers to the article,
  • Share the article’s bibliographic metadata with Crossref, academic indexes, databases, library systems, search engines, and discovery services,
  • Transfer the article to long-term digital preservation and archiving systems,
  • Convert the article into different electronic formats in accordance with technical requirements,
  • Make the technical modifications necessary to enhance the article’s accessibility, and
  • Link corrections, retractions, expressions of concern, or other post-publication records to the article.

This licence does not constitute a transfer of copyright. Authors continue to own the copyright and may use their articles in accordance with this policy and the applicable licence terms.

If the article is not published, the publishing rights granted to the Journal automatically terminate. If the article is published, the publishing and archiving rights necessary to preserve, archive, and maintain access to the published scholarly record remain in effect.

1. Right of First Publication

Authors grant the Journal the right to publish the article for the first time.

A manuscript submitted for consideration by the Journal of Business Research–Turk must:

• Not have previously been published elsewhere as a full-text scholarly article,
  • Not be under simultaneous consideration by another journal, and
  • Not have been submitted simultaneously to another publication outlet in substantially the same form.

The posting of a study on a preprint server does not, by itself, constitute prior publication, provided that it complies with the Journal’s Preprint Policy. If the manuscript has previously been posted as a preprint, the authors must notify the editor at the time of submission and provide the relevant link.

For articles derived from a thesis, project, report, or conference paper, the previous work must be clearly disclosed and appropriately cited, and the new article must have been substantially developed beyond the earlier text.

1. Applicable Creative Commons Licence

Articles published in the Journal of Business Research–Turk are made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) Licence.

The licence terms are available at:

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

The CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence permits users to share and adapt published articles, provided that they comply with the following conditions.

5.1. Attribution

Users must clearly and appropriately indicate:

• The names of the authors,
  • The title of the article,
  • The name of the Journal of Business Research–Turk,
  • The year of publication, volume, issue, and page range or article number,
  • The article’s DOI link, and
  • The applicable Creative Commons licence.

Attribution must not be presented in a manner that suggests that the authors or the Journal endorse the particular use, the user, or the adapted content.

5.2. NonCommercial Use

Articles may be used for non-commercial purposes. Uses primarily intended to secure commercial advantage or monetary compensation are not covered by the CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence.

Commercial use requires separate written permission from the authors, who are the copyright holders. Because copyright remains with the authors, the Journal cannot independently grant permission for commercial use on their behalf.

5.3. Indication of Changes

If an article or any part of it is translated, adapted, abridged, combined with other material, or otherwise modified, the changes made must be clearly indicated.

Adapted content must not be used in a manner that suggests that the authors or the Journal of Business Research–Turk have endorsed the modifications.

5.4. No Additional Restrictions

Users may not impose additional legal terms or technological measures that restrict uses permitted under the CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence.

1. Permitted Uses

Provided that the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence are observed and the use is non-commercial, users may:

• Read and download articles,
  • Print articles,
  • Share articles electronically,
  • Reproduce and distribute articles,
  • Use articles in scholarly research and educational activities,
  • Include articles in course materials and academic presentations,
  • Deposit articles in institutional or subject-based repositories,
  • Use articles in non-commercial presentations and reports,
  • Translate articles,
  • Summarize articles,
  • Adapt articles,
  • Search and index articles, and
  • Conduct text and data mining for non-commercial purposes.

For all such uses, appropriate credit must be given to the authors and the original source of publication, a link to the licence must be provided, and any changes made to the content must be indicated.

1. Commercial Use

The CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence does not permit articles to be used for commercial purposes.

Individuals or organizations seeking to make commercial use of an article must obtain written permission directly from the authors, who are the copyright holders. The Journal cannot independently grant permission for the commercial use of copyright belonging to the authors.

If there is uncertainty as to whether a particular use is commercial, the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence should be consulted and, where necessary, written permission should be obtained from the copyright holders.

Specific permission granted for commercial use is limited to the person or organization, purpose, duration, and scope specified in that permission.

1. Authors’ Reuse Rights

As the copyright holders, authors may reuse their work in the following contexts, provided that they give appropriate bibliographic attribution and state that the article was first published in the Journal of Business Research–Turk:

• Books and book chapters,
  • Theses and dissertations,
  • Course materials,
  • Academic presentations,
  • Institutional reports,
  • Personal academic webpages,
  • Institutional and subject-based repositories,
  • Scholarly sharing platforms, and
  • Subsequent scholarly works.

Authors’ reuse rights are separate from the rights granted to third parties under the CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence. Subject to rights in third-party materials and any prior contractual obligations, authors, as copyright holders, may use their own works for commercial or non-commercial purposes and may authorize others to do so.

When the final published version is reused, the article’s full citation, original publication details, and DOI link must be provided.

1. Self-Archiving

Authors may deposit and share the following versions of their articles on personal academic webpages, in institutional repositories, subject-based repositories, and scholarly sharing platforms without any embargo period:

• The author’s version before peer review — Preprint
  • The author’s accepted version following peer review — Author Accepted Manuscript
  • The final version published by the Journal — Version of Record

When the final published version is shared, the following information must be clearly displayed:

• The article’s full bibliographic citation,
  • The name of the Journal of Business Research–Turk,
  • The original publication details,
  • The article’s DOI link, and
  • The applicable CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence.

Authors are encouraged to share the final published version using its DOI link. No embargo period is applied to self-archiving, and authors are not charged any fee for self-archiving.

1. Third-Party Materials

Not all materials included in an article are automatically covered by the article’s CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence.

The following third-party materials may be subject to different copyright or licensing terms:

• Photographs,
  • Maps,
  • Figures,
  • Tables,
  • Scales,
  • Questionnaires,
  • Datasets,
  • Software and code,
  • Extended quotations, and
  • Content reproduced or adapted from other publications.

Third-party materials that are not covered by the CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence must be clearly identified in the article through a separate copyright or licensing notice.

Additional permission from the relevant copyright holder may be required to reuse such materials. Authors are responsible for obtaining the necessary permissions, submitting documentation of those permissions to the Journal, complying with the applicable terms of use, and providing accurate attribution.

Materials that do not carry a separate copyright or licensing notice are deemed to be covered by the article’s CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence.

1. Authors’ Representations and Warranties

By submitting their articles to the Journal and approving the licence agreement for accepted articles, authors represent and warrant that:

• The work is original,
  • The work has not been published elsewhere as a full-text scholarly article,
  • The work is not under simultaneous consideration by another journal,
  • All individuals identified as authors meet the applicable authorship criteria,
  • The author list and the order of authors have been approved by all authors,
  • All authors have approved the submission and publication of the article,
  • The necessary permissions have been obtained for all third-party materials used,
  • The work does not infringe the copyright or other intellectual property rights of any third party,
  • All required ethics committee approvals and participant consents have been obtained,
  • Conflicts of interest and funding sources have been disclosed,
  • The data, findings, and information included in the article have been presented accurately, and
  • The publishing licence granted to the Journal does not conflict with any rights previously granted to another person or organization.

If any of these representations are found to be inaccurate, the provisions of the Journal’s Ethical Principles and Publication Ethics Policy concerning corrections, retractions, and updates to the scholarly record will apply.

1. Non-Exclusive Publication and Open Access Licence Agreement

Authors of articles accepted for publication in the Journal of Business Research–Turk are not required to sign a “Copyright Transfer Form.” Instead, a Non-Exclusive Publication and Open Access Licence Agreement is signed or approved using a verifiable electronic method.

Copyright in the article remains with the authors, and no copyright is transferred to the Journal. Authors grant the Journal a worldwide, royalty-free, and non-exclusive licence to publish the article for the first time; reproduce and distribute it; make it electronically accessible; convert it into technical formats; archive it; and transmit it to academic indexes and databases.

Accepted articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) Licence.

The Agreement confirms that:

• Copyright remains with the authors,
  • No copyright is transferred to the Journal,
  • The publishing licence granted to the Journal is non-exclusive,
  • All authors have approved publication of the article,
  • The authors agree to publication of the article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence,
  • The work is original,
  • The necessary permissions have been obtained for third-party materials, and
  • The licence granted to the Journal does not conflict with rights previously granted to another person or organization.

If the corresponding author signs or electronically approves the Agreement on behalf of all authors, the corresponding author must have been authorized by the other authors in writing. Otherwise, each author must provide a separate signature or verifiable electronic approval.

The Agreement enters into force only when the article is accepted for publication. If it is decided that the article will not be published, the publishing rights granted to the Journal automatically terminate.

1. Amendments the Journal May Make to Articles

The Journal may make the following editorial and technical amendments, provided that they do not alter the scientific meaning of the article or the authors’ views:

• Corrections to spelling and punctuation,
  • Limited editorial revisions to language and expression,
  • Reference formatting,
  • Page layout and typesetting,
  • Technical adjustment of tables and figures,
  • Metadata editing,
  • Addition of DOI, copyright, and licensing information,
  • Accessibility modifications, and
  • Technical file and format conversions.

Substantive changes affecting the article’s scientific content, findings, conclusions, or the authors’ views may not be made without the authors’ approval.

The final proof is sent to the corresponding author before publication. Any new amendments proposed by the authors at the proof stage that would significantly alter the scientific content are subject to editorial approval.

1. Display of Copyright and Licensing Information in Articles

The following information is clearly displayed in the PDF and, where available, the HTML full text of every published research article:

• Copyright holder,
  • Full name of the Creative Commons licence,
  • Link to the licence,
  • Article DOI,
  • Journal title, and
  • Publication date.

Copyright and licensing information is displayed in articles as follows:

© The Author(s). This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) Licence.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Where third-party materials are subject to different copyright or licensing terms, this is stated separately alongside the relevant material.

1. Continuing Effect of the Creative Commons Licence

Once an article has been published under the CC BY-NC 4.0 Licence, rights of use previously acquired lawfully under the Licence cannot be revoked.

If an article is corrected or retracted, or its scholarly record is updated through another post-publication notice, the relevant records are preserved and linked to the article so that users can identify its current publication status.

When a retracted or corrected article is reused, its current publication status must be clearly indicated.

1. Responsibility for Authors’ Views and Scientific Content

The views, interpretations, findings, and conclusions expressed in articles belong to the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Journal of Business Research–Turk, the Editor-in-Chief, editors, Editorial Board, Journal owner, or publisher.

Authors are responsible for:

• The scientific accuracy of their work,
  • Compliance with research and publication ethics,
  • The accurate presentation of data and findings,
  • Protection of third parties’ copyright and intellectual property rights, and
  • Obtaining all required permissions and consents.

1. Policy Updates

This policy is reviewed when changes occur in copyright legislation, Creative Commons licences, open-access standards, or the Journal’s publishing practices.

Changes to this policy do not retroactively alter the licences applied to previously published articles. Each article remains subject to the licensing terms specified on the article on its publication date.

Date of last policy update: August 2026
Applicable licence: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)